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Definition:

HEADINGS break up a document into logical sections and subsections and provide assistive technology users with important navigational landmarks.

NOTE: Although headings are classified as a "Style" in Microsoft document editing products, headings should not be used for stylistic purposes only. The primary purpose of heading "styles" is to establish a logical structure for the document.

How to add headings:

 Microsoft Word

Method 1

1. Highlight the text you want to make a heading
2. Right-click on the text
3. Select "Styles" from the context menu
4. Select the heading style that best applies to the highlighted text

Method 2

1. Highlight the text you want to make a heading
2. Select the "Home" tab in the top menu
3. In the "Styles" section, select the heading style that best applies to the highlighted text

NOTE: As you add more headings to your document, more heading styles will become available.

 Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel does not contain headings.

For Excel documents, ensure that each sheet is given a proper title. By default, Excel labels these as "Sheet1," "Sheet2," "Sheet3," etc.

1. Right-click on the sheet title that appears in the bottom tab list
2. Select "Rename" from the context menu
3. Give the sheet a descriptive title

 Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint does not contain headings.

For PowerPoint documents, ensure that each slide is given a descriptive slide title. Most slides have a section for a title by default, however this section may be moved or deleted if a custom slide layout is used.

Method 1

1. Right-click anywhere on the slide
   1. Select "Layout" to select a layout that contains a section for a slide title, OR
   2. Select "Reset Slide" to reset the slide layout and sections if the slide title section was deleted
2. In the slide title section provided, add a descriptive slide title

Method 2

1. Select "View" from the top menu
2. Select "Outline View" ("Normal" should be selected by default)
3. Locate the slide number of the slide missing a title
4. Type in a new descriptive slide title next to the slide number

NOTE: Following Method #2 may automatically add a new slide title section to the selected slide. If the slide title should be hidden from view, select the slide title section and move it into the top margin of the slide. This will ensure that the slide still has a descriptive title while hiding it from view in Presentation mode.

 Adobe Acrobat

Method 1

1. Open the Tags toolbar What if I don't see the Tags toolbar?
2. Expand the Tags tree (TIP: The asterisk (*) key and forward slash (/) key will expand and collapse all tags, respectively)
3. Locate the tag that matches the content that needs to be made a heading
4. Right-click on the tag
5. Select "Properties..." from the context menu
6. Using the "Type" dropdown under the "Tag" tab, select the heading level that best applies to the highlighted tag

Method 2

1. Open the Accessibility toolbar What if I don't see the Accessibility toolbar?
2. Select "Reading Order"
3. Select or draw a box around the text on the page that you want to make a heading
4. In the Reading Order box, select the heading level that best applies to the highlighted text

NOTE: It is always better to add and modify headings in the source document (e.g. Microsoft Word) before converting it to a PDF. Adding or modifying headings (or other elements) should only be done in Adobe Acrobat if you don't have access to the source document or the software that it was originally created in.

Tips:

• Heading 1 should be reserved for the document title or top-most heading in your document, and should be used only once (other headings may be used as many times as needed). This provides a quick means for navigating quickly to the start of the document, and Heading 1 provides context for what the rest of the document is about. (Do not use the "Title" style in Microsoft Word as it will not create a heading.)
• Headings should follow a logical order and should not skip levels when moving down
  • Correct: Heading 2, Heading 3, Heading 4
  • Incorrect: Heading 2, Heading 4, Heading 6
• Think of headings as the "outline" of your document. Headings should paint a clear picture of what each section of the document is about, and it should be easy to use headings as a way to quickly navigate between sections of information. You should know exactly where to find the information you're looking for if you were only given a list of headings for the document.

Definition:

LINKS that have clear and descriptive link text make navigating your documents and other content more predictable. Assistive technology such as screen readers can produce a list of all of the links in a given page or document, which users can activate without having to search through an entire document for a given link. Links with generic text or long URLs can make it harder for users to understand where the link will take them once activated.

How to add links:

 Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint

When adding a new link:

1. In the top menu, select "Insert"
2. In the Links section, select the "Link" button
3. In the dialog box that appears, insert the link URL into the "Address" box, and give the link a descriptive name in the "Text to display" box (e.g. "Visit the Digital Accessibility Website")

When modifying an existing link:

1. Highlight the current link text (NOTE: Try to be as precise as possible when highlighting. Changing the link text may not work if extra blank space or text is highlighted with it.)
2. Right-click on the link
3. Select "Edit hyperlink..." from the context menu
4. In the dialog box that appears, modify the text in the "Text to display" box to make the link text more descriptive

Tips:

• Avoid using generic phrases like 鈥淐lick here鈥� or 鈥淩ead more鈥� when naming your links. Descriptive text such as 鈥淰isit the Kent State Website鈥� helps users better understand where a link will take them if they click on it, and assistive technology users can more quickly locate 鈥� and interact with 鈥� links on a page that are more descriptive. 
• When linking to a file, include the file type in parentheses at the end of the link. For example: 鈥淒ownload the 2022 Statistics (PDF).鈥� If the user doesn鈥檛 have the required software necessary to view the document, if they鈥檙e on a mobile device where reading certain documents is difficult, or if they simply don鈥檛 have the bandwidth for a larger file download, they can avoid clicking on the link by mistake. 
• It may be necessary to use a long URL in place of descriptive text when adding a link to a document that鈥檚 meant to be printed out. In situations that require it, ensure that the adjacent text gives context to where the link will take the user when clicked.

Definition:

TABLES arrange data into rows and columns in a way that makes the information they provide easily understandable and searchable. It is important that tables are created with a consistent structure and easily identifiable header rows and columns, and that they are not used simply as a means for organizing content on a page.

How to add tables:

  Microsoft Word and PowerPoint

When adding a new table:

1. In the top menu, select 鈥淚nsert鈥�
2. In the Tables section, select the 鈥淭able鈥� button
3. Highlight the amount of Rows and Columns needed for the table (NOTE: remember to add an extra row or column for the Header Row and/or Header Column of your table)

Ensure that Header Rows and Columns have been added, and that 鈥淩epeat Header Rows鈥�* has been checked.

Header Rows and Columns:

1. Place your cursor anywhere in the table
2. In the top menu, select 鈥淭able Design鈥�
3. In the Table Style Options section, ensure that 鈥淗eader Row鈥� and/or 鈥淔irst Column鈥� is selected, depending on your table structure

Repeat Header Rows:

1. Place your cursor anywhere in the table
2. In the top menu, select the right-most 鈥淟ayout鈥� option
3. In the Data section, ensure that 鈥淩epeat Header Rows鈥� has been checked

* Repeat Header Rows is especially important for tables with larger data sets that span multiple pages. This will place the designated Header Row at the top of every page that the table appears on.

 Microsoft Excel

Data placed in a spreadsheet can be made into a table in order to visually group and analyze it.

1. Select any cell that contains data as part of the table you wish to create
2. In the top menu, select 鈥淗ome鈥�
3. In the Styles section, select 鈥淔ormat as Table鈥�
4. Select a formatting style for your table
5. In the dialog box that appears, check that the cell range for your table is correct
6. Check the 鈥淢y table has headers鈥� checkbox if your table has a header row

 Adobe Acrobat

Although tables can be created manually in the Tag tree, it is better to ensure that your tables are properly structured in your source document before converting it to a PDF.

Tables in Adobe Acrobat can be checked for proper Header Rows and/or Header Columns.

1. Open the Accessibility toolbar
2. Select 鈥淩eading Order鈥�
3. Select the text in a table cell for a table that you want to add a Header Row and/or Header Column to
4. In the Reading Order dialog box, select 鈥淭able Editor鈥�
5. Right-click on the cell that you would like to turn into a Header cell
6. Select 鈥淭able Cell Properties...鈥� from the context menu that appears
7. In the dialog box that appears, ensure that the radio button for 鈥淗eader Cell鈥� has been selected
8. In the 鈥淪cope鈥� dropdown menu, select 鈥淐olumn鈥� if the Header Cell is placed at the top of a column, 鈥淩ow鈥� if the Header Cell is placed at the start of a row, or 鈥淏oth鈥� if the Header Cell is a header for data in both the column and row that it鈥檚 placed in

Tips:

• Try to avoid creating tables with merged or blank cells. Tables that don鈥檛 have consistent structure or tables with gaps in their data are harder to understand and more difficult to read for screen reader users. Try splitting up one complex table into multiple simpler tables if needed.
• Although adding table titles and descriptions in the Alt Text section of the Table Properties menu can be helpful, it鈥檚 still a best practice to add a heading or table caption before the table itself to explain the data that the table holds, which is beneficial to all users whether they use assistive technology or not.
• Table reading order can be checked by placing your cursor in the first cell of a table and pressing the TAB key to navigate through each cell in order. This method can be used to ensure that your table is being read to assistive technology users in a logical and consistent order.

Definition:

ACCESSIBILITY CHECKERS are built-in tools of most document editing products that allow you to check the accessibility of your document before you publish it. While the Accessibility Checkers won't catch every accessibility issue that your document has, with many issues still requiring manual review, they will be able to tell you if your document is overall accessible to users with disabilities and assistive technology users.

How to use Accessibility Checkers:

 Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint

Enable the Accessibility Checker

The Accessibility Checker in Microsoft document editing products can be enabled and run while you work, identifying and highlighting issues in your document as you work on it. To enable the Accessibility Checker in Microsoft document editing products:

1. In the top menu, select "Review"
2. In the Accessibility section, select the "Check Accessibility" button

OR

1. In the top menu, select "File"
2. In the File toolbar, select "Info"
3. Click on the "Check for Issues" dropdown menu to expand it
4. Select "Check Accessibility"

Use the Accessibility Checker to fix issues

If the Accessibility Checker finds an accessibility issue in your document, it will provide an explanation of the issue and the steps you'll need to take to fix it. Many document accessibility issues can even be fixed right within the Accessibility Checker itself. For example, if the Accessibility Checker finds images missing alt text:

1. Locate the error in the accessibility inspection results of the Accessibility Checker (e.g. "Missing alternative text")
2. Select the dropdown arrow that appears next to the error
3. Select one of the Recommended Actions provided by the Accessibility Checker (e.g. "Add a description")

Once an accessibility issue is fixed, it will disappear from the list of issues in the inspection results.

 Adobe Acrobat

Run an Accessibility Check

Unlike Microsoft document editing products, Adobe Acrobat will run a one-time report any time you select the "Accessibility Check" option from the Accessibility toolbar. This will need to be run again each time you want to check your document for accessibility. To run the Accessibility Check:

1. Open the Accessibility toolbar What if I don't see the Accessibility toolbar?
2. Select "Accessibility Check"
3. Leave all settings on by default, ensuring that the Page Range matches the scope of your desired report ("All pages in document" is the default selection)
4. Select "Start Checking" to run the report

Once the Accessibility Check has been run, it will produce a list of results (and any potential issues) in another section on the left. Clicking on an issue in this list will typically highlight where the issue occurs in your document.

Use an Accessibility Check to fix issues

Adobe Acrobat's Accessibility Check can also provide you with explanations and steps to fix most accessibility issues from within the Accessibility Check results. For example, if the Accessibility Check finds images missing alt text:

1. Locate the error in the Accessibility Check results (e.g. "Figures alternate text - Failed")
2. Expand the issue to show all instances of where the issue occurs within your document
3. Select an instance to have it highlighted in the document (e.g. "Figure 1")
4. Right-click on the instance in the Accessibility Check results, and select:
   1. Fix: This will open up a dialog box where you can enter an alt text description for the image, or mark it as decorative
   2. Explain: This will direct you to Adobe Acrobat's support website where the issue and the steps required to fix it are explained in detail

The Accessibility Check results will NOT automatically update once an accessibility issue is fixed. To see if an accessibility issue has been fixed correctly, you'll either need to run the report again, or you can right-click on the issue in the Accessibility Check results and select the "Check Again" option, which will update the results for that issue only.

Tips:

• It's always a good idea to run the Accessibility Checkers at least once before publishing a document, even if you think you've made everything accessible. The Accessibility Checker doesn't catch every accessibility issue, but it will sometimes catch things you may have missed if you've made recent or quick last-minute edits to your document.
• In Adobe Acrobat, the issues "Color Contrast" and "Reading Order" will always be flagged as an issue that needs manual inspection, even if there aren't any of those kinds of issues in the document.
• The Accessibility Checkers are there to help you and offer guidance on where your document might have accessibility issues. An Accessibility Check report that shows no issues doesn't necessarily mean that a document is fully accessible, just as an Accessibility Check report that shows issues doesn't necessarily mean that a document is completely inaccessible either. Always just do the best you can, and if there's something you need help with or an issue you just can't seem to fix, please feel free to reach out to us!